ABSTRACT
The genus Citrus of the family Rutaceae includes many species e.g. Citrus indica, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus limon, among which Citrus limon L. Burm. f. has been reported to have highest antimicrobial activity. It is used as antidote against certain venom, due to its platelet inhibitory effect and also reported to have hypocholesterolemic effect. However its anticoagulant and thrombolytic effect were not been investigated, hence a prospective in-vitro/in-vivo study was designed to determine the effect of Citrus limon on blood parameters, coagulation and anticoagulation factors. Invitro tests revealed highly significant increase in thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time by Citrus limon, whereas fibrinogen concentration was significantly reduced in comparison to control, however prothrombin time was not affected significantly. In-vivo testing of Citrus limon was done at three different doses i.e. 0.2ml/kg, 0.4ml/kg and 0.6ml/kg in healthy rabbits. Significant changes were observed in hematological parameters such as erythrocytes, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Bleeding time and thrombin time was significantly prolonged and there was increase in protein C and thrombin antithrombin complex levels. These results may be due to inactivation of thrombin because it significantly decreases fibrinogen concentration and inhibit platelet aggregation. Citrus limon showed maximal anticoagulant effect at 0.4ml/kg, which suggest that Citrus limon possesses an antithrombin component and could prevent thrombosis playing a cardio protective role
ABSTRACT
The prostate gland is found at the base of the bladder, surrounding the urethra. A rising interest has been noted in the diseases of the prostrate in the last decade or so. This is attributed to the fact that a high incidence of the prostatic carcinoma has been noted in different geographical locations and multi ethnic groups. Carcinoma of the prostate is the most common form of cancer in males in the United States, second only to lung cancer. retrospective study. This study was carried out at Department of pathology, Dow Medical College, Karachi between January 2003-2012. A retrospective study of 317 prostatic biopsies was conducted, based on the histopathological reports, with the purpose of identifying patients with prostatic lesions. Records of all specimens of prostatic tissue received for histopathology from the Civil hospital Karachi were used in this study. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS version 16.0. The total number of patients included in this study was 317. The mean age of the patients was 64.9 +/- 8.12 with an age range of 48-100. 7.9% [n=25] patients had prostatic adenocarcinoma whereas 91.8% of patients showed benign nodular hyperplasia. Overall the incidence of prostatic cancers is more in the western countries as compared to the east. This can be attributed to the fact that the west has screening programs that leads to early detection. However screening programs should also be introduced and made available to general public and in males over the age of 50, PSA level detection should be made compulsory